Empirically Testing the boundaries and effects of the Speed of Light for Space Travel

 The Scientific Pursuit of a Propulsion Method Capable of Superluminal Velocity

"In search of the Crown", the flaming Crown symbolizes best practice, design excellence and the search for a propulsion system capable of Superluminal Velocity. A Collision Drive vies for the Crown and is currently one of the only propulsion systems in the world that shows it is capable of generating the thrust necessary to approach 99% of the speed of light using a conventional method for acceleration that can be readily built and tested today. The C-Drive is designed to deliver net propulsion in one direction for 360 degrees of rotation at 2 collisions per rotation (S^2). [Technical drawings of the (low-speed) C-Drive are now available on the Patents and Companies Registration Agency (PACRA- Zambia) website in its Industrial Property Journal here.] See the proof of concept video of the C-Drive here. The C-Drive is a Tier 1 gravity device due to the fact that it uses simple mechanical force to generate the thrust necessary to propel a vehicle, however, once FTL acceleration and velocities are within reach this is sufficient for labs to use this access to yield Tier 5 gravity and other technologies through study and experimentation.

Its important to appreciate that in the domain of science and technology no country in the world has been able to successfully design this mechanism and this is evident in the continued reliance on methods of propulsion that require air and other emissions to generate thrust and lift to this day. This should give you some sense of the degree of difficulty associated with accomplishing its design. 

(An assessment of the high level of technical difficulty in understanding and designing this device and current trends in propulsion technology, know how and the direction the science being applied to propulsion is taking, we would estimate that, as much as the C-Drive is a simple device, it could be at least 50-250 years ahead of current development and the learning curve.) 

Some the novel technologies that access to is expected to be revealed at FTL

• Access to the method by which "handshakes" occur between atoms
• Direct access to and the ability to control gravity, i.e. gravity on ships without acceleration
• The ability to transmit electricity between distant locations on earth and in space wirelessly
• The ability to convert matter into information and information into matter (including subatomic scale 3D printing)
• Advanced AI and superluminal (FTL) "quantum" computing 
• Transfer of organic and inorganic materials between distant locations (Teleportation)
• More advanced gravity based propulsion systems (Tier 5 gravitation technologies) 
• Direct access to CxN- and CxN+ structures from Cx0
• Enhanced technical access and control of fusion energy

A State of the Art Comparison  

NASA's Helical Engine

There have been many attempts at coming up with a concept for a device that can achieve light speed.

There has been the Alcubierre Drive, the EM Drive, and the Helical Engine. None of these concepts have been able to conceptualize or develop a pragmatic and practical design for generating thrust in a net direction. For instance, the Helical Engine proposed by one of  the US National Space Agency (NASA) engineers that does not need propellant proposes that thrust be sustained in a net direction uses impractical or complex mass altering effects thought to occur at near light speeds. Furthermore, these drive systems are described as being "reactionless" and appear to violate fundamental laws of physics. 

On the other hand, the designs of the Collision Drive, which predates the Helical Drive adheres to the fundamental laws of physics.  To learn more about the Helical Engine, watch this informative video presented by Aton Petrov. This should give anyone an idea of the level of difficulty associated with this level of design. The C-Drive is not a reactionless drive and the design it uses to generate thrust in a net direction is based purely on mechanical engineering and fundamental laws of physics.

See the science of the C-Drive. The C-Drive's ability to generate thrust sufficient to achieve light speed is easy to determine mathematically.

Attempts have been made to design a simple and practical propulsion technology that can achieve light speed, even by reputable aerospace institutions and engineers, have thus far failed leading to an increased over-dependency on rockets as the only existing means for accessing Space.

Spin Launch

Recent launch technologies such as Spin Launch use conventional rotation to catapult a projectile into the sky, which then deploys rockets into space. 

The Spin Launch technology uses a vacuum-sealed centrifuge to spin a rocket and then hurl it to space at up to 5,000 miles per hour (8,000 km/h). The rocket then ignites its engines at an altitude of roughly 200,000 ft (61,000 m) to reach orbital speed of 17,500 miles per hour (28,200 km/h) - Wiki

Spin Launch technology is designed to offer a low cost method for launching satellites and other payloads into space. As this approach evolves it is likely to find new innovative ways of extending the range of its Spin Launches to get them from ground directly into space at lowest possible cost.

A vehicle propelled by a C-Drive will be exceptionally nimble, able to maneuver around obstacles. It is expected to propel a vehicle at low featherlight speeds
or instantly launch at very high velocity depending on what it is designed to do. The force applied to the Spin Launch projectile can be applied only once at the point of release or launch of its projectile that sends it at 8,000 Km/h.

A C-Drive is designed to be able to apply a similar rotational launch force to the vehicle it propels. However, it does this 2 times per rotation or at a rate of 2 collisions per rotation [with CCV]. A C-Drive generates thrust through 360 degrees of rotation. The force applied once to a single launch that hurls a vehicle at 8,000 Km/h can be applied continuously to a vehicle at a rate of 3,000 [hurls] per minute depending on the C-Drive's rpm. This force is applied continuously to the C-Drives harness (which converts it into propulsive force). This force combined with CCV should give you an idea how much propulsive power the patented C-Drive is expected to be able to induce in a purpose built vehicle. A C-Drive is designed to finely select how much of this propulsive force to apply. It can be placed in neutral, apply a tiny portion of it and make a vehicle gently float or apply more of it to ease into acceleration at a constant rpm.

This comparison explains why the C-Drive design is without doubt currently the most powerful and most advanced propulsion technology. It should persuade any nay-sayers who doubt a C-Drive's ability to pull up [approach] and flex on the 99% speed limit in space and validate whether this limit is empirical [for vehicles traveling at high velocity] with actual evidence.

A C-Drive does not have to switch between propulsion systems, the technology allows it to be self contained within a vehicle. It uses the same propulsion system to be able to launch seamlessly from ground to air and air to space. In addition to this a C-Drive design is expected to have as much as a 70% gain over gravity, giving it an advantage with which to overcome problems such as achieving escape velocity. It can also exploit gravity during descent to increase the efficiency of deceleration when the vehicle needs to land.

Its important to understand that to get the best performance out of a C-Drive its not enough to simply build it, its just as important to understand the science that underpins its design that is required to operate it such that it functions at its maximum levels of thrust.

The Cosmic Speed Limit

Think you travel as fast as you want? Think Again.

"For centuries, physicists thought there was no limit to how fast an object could travel. But Einstein showed that the universe does, in fact, have a speed limit: the speed of light in a vacuum (that is, empty space). Nothing can travel faster than 300,000 kilometers per second (186,000 miles per second)."

- The American Museum of Natural History - link

Sometimes "its possible" is like an impossible grain of sand on a beach that you're certain doesn't exist or cannot and will never ever be found. A scientist has to venture toward the very edge of "its impossible", where the grains of sand are the size of boulders. Then right there, on the very edge of - "it can never be", is the "impossible" grain of sand, waiting for the scientist to pick it up. 

It should be noted that eminent Nobel Prize winning physicists, including Einstein himself once believed harnessing nuclear energy was a fantasy and would never happen.

Albert Einstein (1933) "There is not the slightest indication that nuclear energy will ever be obtainable. It would mean the atom would have to be shattered at will"

Robert A. Millikan (1928) "There is no likelihood man can ever tap the power of the atom. The glib supposition of utilizing atomic energy when our coal runs out is a completely Utopian unscientific dream."

Ernest Rutherford (1933) "Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine." 

For an interesting explanation of this watch this youtube episode of Veritasium

These views were inevitably proven inaccurate. The speed of light being an absolute and unsurpassed limit may face similar hurdles.

Propulsive Chain Reaction PCR (or Combined Cumulative Velocity - CCV)

One of the peculiarities of a C-Drive design is that it uses PCR aka CCV to accelerate. This means that it repeatedly applies kinetic force through collisions to propel a vehicle. The number of collisions per minute or second amplifies the rate of acceleration. Normally, the faster a vehicle travels the harder it is for the propulsion system to further increase its speed, as is observed with the theory concerning infinite mass. A C-Drive does not face this constraint because of how it manages its state of inertia against the force applied to collisions .i.e. no matter how fast the vehicle is moving (e.g. even on approach to 99%), as far as the C-Drive's propulsive force is concerned - the vehicle appears stationary therefore each time the C-Drives collider arm strikes to propel the vehicle it experiences little or no additional exertion to make up for existing momentum where increases in speed are concerned (See the PACRA Journal technical drawing). The result expected is that despite the vehicle going faster, further increases in speed do not require higher levels of exertion. This allows it to easily maintain constant-1G, lift heavier loads, move faster, with greater fuel efficiency than any other full package propulsion system in existence today.

A study of C-Drives will show that with the right powerplant and a purpose build they can use a propulsive chain reaction (PCR or CCV) to enable vessels to reach extremely high velocity. If you understand the implications of Collision Drive Theory and its equations then you must see that achieving the thrust necessary for exceeding the speed of light is not a big deal for C-Drives. At present C-Drives offer the fastest 0-99% that has ever been considered possible in conventional propulsion (see the tables below). However, even if C-Drives can generate these levels of thrust it is made redundant to some extent if the vessels they propel are still forced to operate below the universal speed limit. Therefore, the real concern is the accuracy of the current belief in contemporary physics that the speed of light is a limit that cannot be exceeded conventionally.  

Therefore: Is the speed of light truly the cosmic speed limit? We can and should test this hypothesis empirically.

This is why...

It is important to note that even though it may be shown that a C-Drive can generate the thrust required to exceed the speed of light within any given time frame, this does not mean that it is able to exceed this velocity or speed limit, which remains a caveat as prescribed by current knowledge in physics until a test is performed to determine empirically what takes place at such high speeds.  Empirical evidence for whether the speed of light can or cannot be crossed by a Space faring vessel or what is experienced by a spacecraft as it approaches 99% is very important. There are questions concerning the conditions on a vessel that is on approach to the speed of light. If a vessel can indeed exceed this limit there are also questions concerning what happens next such as:

1. Will the vessel be affected by infinite mass or relativistic mass*

2. Will it time travel as indicated by Einstein or 

3. Will it cross the light speed barrier into another universe proving the multiverse theory

4. Does nothing happen and will the vessel continue on its merry superluminal way with ever increasing velocity or 

5. Is the vessel simply prevented from crossing this cosmic limit no matter how much thrust the C-        Drive applies to it when it arrives at this velocity?

*Note that if the barrier at 99% is created by relativistic mass and is in fact an energy related constraint then it is unlikely to be able to stop the C-Drive from crossing the >100% threshold. (..continue reading)

The questions above are very important questions the exceptional m/s^2 speed and thrust of C-Drives can answer today. Conducting tests on a vessel able to approach 99% and attempt to challenge the speed limit would yield a great deal of useful scientific knowledge. 

It will also be able to test how well the C-Drive performs at maintaining constant 9.8m/s^2 or 1g in space.

If the speed of light cannot be crossed with conventional speed and thrust literally due to infinite mass then spacecraft are bound by a speed limit that severely hinders how quickly distant places in Space can be reached. In this case it will be important to know what conditions at the maximum velocity are like,  as well as how quickly and how close to 99% a spacecraft can safely travel. 

On the other hand, if vessels are not bound and can exceed the limit using m/s^2 thrust or variations in acceleration that allow it to dump mass and slip through the limit, this has the potential to make locations in Space that are hundreds of light-years away accessible in a very short duration especially with the efficiency of C-Drives that are capable of travelling at m/s^2. For instance Kepler 22b is 620 light years away. If the Cosmic Speed Limit Holds then it would take a conventional space shuttle 23.4 million years to get there. Kepler 22b cannot be reached without exotic propulsion systems such as worm-holes and warp drives.  However, if the Cosmic Speed limit is a myth and is fundamentally created by relativistic mass, then it can be passed using special methods inherent in the C-Drive mechanism, which would get to Kepler 22b in under 3 days using m/s^2 acceleration. This would mean migration to new planets is not a hope for the future, but can be achieved this very generation. This changes humanity's travel prospects significantly and distant locations like Kepler 22b can be accessed in short duration, today. Either way gaining empirical evidence would add useful knowledge to space travel.

Being purpose built for speed a C-Drive mass can be designed to almost equal that of the vessel it is needed to propel e.g. 8 tonnes to propel a vessel carrying fuel and scientific equipment of the same mass 8 tonnes, creating a vehicle heading to Space that weighs 16 tonnes in total. This means that building a vessel with a C-Drive that can travel this fast is relatively easy. 

However, if the Cosmic Speed Limit prevents velocities greater than 1x light speed then this potential means very little.

Note that new more advanced designs for a new High Speed Collision Drive were recently submitted and are now patent pending.

How can the tests be done?

Two spacecraft can be built. A larger main vessel (Y) which will be extensively equipped with a wide array of sensors, continuous laser links, cameras and other equipment. A smaller secondary vessel Z with communications equipment and a ground station X. XYZ create a triangulated communication system. The vessels Y and Z launch and circle around one hemisphere of the earth in a wide path that does not break the line of visibility between XYZ. An array of communication links ABC between XYZ are set up including visual line of sight. The vessels X and Y use purpose built High Speed Collision Drives to accelerate upto 99% the speed of light. The larger test vessel Y holds back at <100% and does not attempt to press on. It is there to act as a communications hub or bridge that is close by to monitor  Z . Y has line of sight for the ground station X and the smaller vessel Z. The smaller vessel Z uses its high speed collision drives, which will have a powerplant and C-Drive powerful enough to travel at 3x the speed of light or more using a propulsive chain reaction, to press on in an attempt to cross or penetrate the speed of light >100%. 

X, Y and Z sustain an array of monitoring and communication methods, maintain real-time links and visual line of sight of the ground station and each other. During the test data and communication is constantly triangulated in real time between XYZ. After a countdown the drone proceeds to engage higher thrust and attempts to exceed the speed of light >100% travelling from Z - Z'. 

The vessel Y and drone Z and the information they generate would also be able to provide important feedback about the safety of travel at these high velocities and conditions that would be experienced by passengers on board.  

A new frontier.

αlpha and βeta rings are holding patterns

C-Drive configuration for the Alpha (α) vessel: Total C-Drive Mass 8 tonnes, radius 1.5 meters
Powerplant 0 to 25,000 rpm, Space Craft (Vehicle) mass: 8 tonnes
Amplification: 1 stage only, 0 to 99% in 8 < > minutes, 
Cosmic Speed Limit: 1x Light Speed?

The immense velocity C-Drives can generate becomes
more useful if the speed of light is not a limit. 
The only way to address this is to
actually test the limit rather than
rely on assumptions, even educated ones as
they have at times been proven wrong in the past.

Y and its wing-man Z would be expected to maintain coordinated circular trajectories shown by the rings αlpha and βeta taking 10 - 30 minutes to complete a rotation around the rings traveling at 99%. They will maintain their formation as they accelerate together until the point were Y holds its velocity at <100% and Z proceeds to engage thrust from Z - Z' to move beyond >100% in communication and clear line of sight of both X and Y during the flyby. The probe vessel βeta that will be monitored the can be a twin craft or half the size of the αlpha  vessel. The αlpha vessel can preferably be a manned ship, but this would require the acceleration cycle up to 99% is slowed down to accommodate the scientists on board.

Should there be unusual results such that Z having attempted to push beyond 100% disappears from view and communication is lost X will observe this event from its remote ground station location, Y is close by to provide close up monitoring and visuals, use its instruments to observe and relay  this information to the ground station X. There should be contingencies in place for any potential outcomes of Z crossing the >100%. For instance being a probe and drone, should it change location in Space and Time it can be programmed to hold its circular trajectory wherever it emerges so as not to deviate from the location that becomes a nexus between two locations. The drone can re-assess its location using star charts and other information about its environment then, with this information engage protocols based on velocity within its maintained circular holding pattern that enable it to return to its original orbit in Space and Time that allow it to re-emerge in its former position relative to Y.

With C-Drives vessels Y and Z would not need rockets to get into Space. The C-Drives would be powerful enough for them to simply fly directly into Space and they would be powerful enough for the vessels to decelerate and synchronize velocity with that of Earth to minimize heat on re-entry. The propulsive efficiency of C-Drives also means they would not need to be overburdened with fuel to conduct the tests. 

Note that:

Collision Drives can be purpose built to very easily achieve velocities equal to or greater than the speed of light (see Appendix for an example). At present no propulsion system exists that can readily achieve this. However, the caveat at present is the belief that the speed of light is a limit that cannot be exceeded. As stated above C-Drives can readily test whether this limit is true or inaccurate using the test illustrated above. 

The configuration below would be capable of jumping to or achieving light speed in ≈3.18 or ≈1.76 seconds @ 15,000 rpm. This is rather heavy and aggressive. If you feel it is too intense a lighter setting for the same configuration can be used with slower 0-99% times. The radius can be dropped to 1.5m from 3m and from 15,000 rpm to 3,000 rpm which for radius 1.5m lowers 0-99% to ≈6.7 minutes. Or dropped further still to 1,500 rpm which lowers 0-99% to ≈53 minutes.

What is significant is that these speeds can be achieved with powerplants such as internal combustion engines/jet engines customized for Space, rocket engines customized to generate torque, or electric motors currently in use. 

Use the C-Drive equation to work out various configurations of your own with different parameters for mass, rpm, radius and so on, see how quickly you can get to light speed with C-Drives using cumulative combined velocity, for instance, can you work out time for acceleration from 0-99% for 25,000 rpm? When putting a C-Drive configuration together bare in mind some parameters may require the vessel be unmanned for obvious reasons.

APPENDIX

This would be considered a purpose built heavy duty C-Drive designed for use in Space for the tests described above.

For the table below the configuration is:

C-Drive mass 8,000 kgs

Radius 1.5 meters (radius of 3m optional)

Powerplant rotation speed 0 rpm - 25,000 rpm

Acceleration: m/s^2 (Only 1st stage amplification is applied)

[can be broken down into 4 or 8 smaller C-Drives]

Mass of αlpha test vehicle 8,000 kgs

Total mass ( αlpha test vehicle and C-Drive) 16,000 kgs

Thrust: 29,578,800 kN (@ 15,000 rpm

Amplification (1st Stage only) : 8,000 kg to 3,017,037.6 Tonne force per collision

Launch velocity: 377,129.70 m/s^2 (Mach 1,099.5) @ radius 3m*

Launch velocity: 188,564.85 m/s^2 (Mach 549.75) @ radius 1.5m*

* Launch velocity is variable using throttle from feather light buoyancy to full throttle

Thrust to weight ratio (TWR) 377,129.70 @ radius 3m

Thrust to weight ratio (TWR) 188,564.85 @ radius 1.5m

Time to reach 99% Speed of Light: ≈1.76 seconds @ 15,000 rpm, radius 3m

Time to reach 99% Speed of Light: ≈3.18 seconds @ 15,000 rpm, radius 1.5m

Frequency 1 collision per rotation

C-Drive Equation applied to configuration;

The Vf equation is the signature of the mass generating lift or thrust.

Different rpm for the same configuration:

@15,000 rpm:

0-99% in ≈3.18 seconds, TWR: 188,640:1 (with radius 1.5m) or

0-99% in ≈1.76 seconds, TWR: 377,129:1  (with radius 3m)*

              

 * Faster than you can blink

@ 3,000 rpm

0-99% in ≈6.7 minutes (radius 1.5m) 

TWR: 7,545:1

@ 1,500 rpm

0-99% in ≈53 minutes (with radius 1.5m) 

TWR: 1,886:1

Note that Collision Drives do not require air or an atmosphere for propulsion

As a side note on the C-Drive being referred to as a "Simple Device"

The Collision Drive is referred to repeatedly as simple device. If you notice, generally propulsion devices tend to be simple. For example, a wheel is a simple device but it rolls around effortlessly, an internal combustion engine only has one sleeve for intake compression, expansion and exhaust with a piston that rotates a crankshaft, a propeller and jet turbine is simply a flat shape that rotates to fan and push air or a liquid, a wing is simply a flat surface air brushes against to generate lift, a rocket is just a high pressure gas from a nozzle that comes out one way pushes the rocket in the opposite direction. Basically, there is nothing complex about these propulsion systems. They are all very simple. 

Why then should gravity be any different? Why should it be so much more complex than these other propulsion systems? The fact that gravity, as a propulsion system, has eluded science for so long despite significant technological advancement has likely led people to believe it is a tremendously complex method of propulsion. Granted, compared to the propulsion systems described above its mechanics are somewhat "tricky" to understand only because they are new, however, they can be grasped very easily. Hence, though very simple, like the propulsion systems above, it is indeed different. Its hard to describe, yes it is simple, and yet at the same time there's something other worldly about it simply because its working to generate thrust in an unusual way. Despite being simple, everyone shown the C-Drive always asks "What the heck is that?", "What on earth does it do?"  When you get the chance to see it soon it will very likely look like something you have never seen before. Note that all the propulsion systems described above are straight forward m/s systems. There is little or no amplification in how they work. However, gravity is certainly doing something unusual. This is why gravity is different and can be described as an s/m^2 system. It must have evolved naturally from these earlier systems or they are simpler devolved versions of it. As you will see when you get the chance to study a Collision Drive it is like an efficiency mechanism. Mapping and predicting the way electrons circle a nucleus to generate a force capable of moving an entire atom to create a movement which when observed is described as gravity and then translating this into a device that expresses this same process mechanically is bound to have an interesting outcome. A C-Drive is a simple device, however, the fact that the methods applied to mechanics to generate this force is what may lead some people to describing it as a complicated or sophisticated device, or at least something they have never seen before, but this is only because its different from what they are used to seeing. There must have been a time when people were astounded by a circle darting across the ground and amazed by how easily and magically it could move a raised platform around. Once people get used to seeing a C-Drive and know what it does it will likely take its place among the "simple" propulsion devices. 

H12:29

R20:1